DP-900 Azure Data Fundamentals Study Guide & Exam Questions

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• 1. Part 1: Core Data Concepts and Workloads 60 questions
  • 1.1 Structured, Semi-Structured and Unstructured Data60 questions

    1. A university lakehouse adopts the medallion pattern for enrollment data. What is the correct refinement sequence?

    • Bronze ingests raw CSV and log files as-is
    • Gold aggregates business-ready metrics for reports
    • Silver cleanses data and standardizes types

    Show answer

    1. Bronze ingests raw CSV and log files as-is
    2. Silver cleanses data and standardizes types
    3. Gold aggregates business-ready metrics for reports

    2. A college must choose between Microsoft Fabric and Microsoft Purview for two goals: analyzing enrollment in one workspace and governing data across all systems. How do the services differ?

    • Both provide identical SaaS reporting workspaces
    • Fabric provides unified analytics workspace and Purview provides governance across sources
    • Fabric only governs data and Purview only runs notebooks
    • Purview replaces Delta Lake as the storage format

    Show answer and explanation

    • Fabric provides unified analytics workspace and Purview provides governance across sources

    Fabric unifies storage, engineering, warehousing, and reporting while Purview focuses on discovering, classifying, protecting, and managing data.

    3. Which Azure Databricks standard storage format combines Parquet with a transaction log to enable versioning and ACID transactions?

    Show answer and explanation

    • Delta Lake, delta lake, Delta lake

    Azure Databricks uses Delta Lake, Parquet plus a transaction log, as its standard format for versioning and ACID support.

    4. A retail chain builds an enterprise analytics pipeline. In what order does data flow through the architecture?

    • Data lands in central lakehouse or warehouse storage
    • Measures are aggregated in a semantic model by dimensions
    • Operational data sources generate transactions
    • Users consume reports, visualizations, and dashboards

    Show answer

    1. Operational data sources generate transactions
    2. Data lands in central lakehouse or warehouse storage
    3. Measures are aggregated in a semantic model by dimensions
    4. Users consume reports, visualizations, and dashboards

    5. An engineering team debates ETL versus ELT for feeding a lakehouse. How do the two patterns differ?

    • ETL loads raw files for analysts and ELT deletes history
    • ETL transforms data before loading and ELT loads first then transforms
    • ETL is only for OLTP and ELT is only for graphs
    • Both terms mean querying live transactions directly

    Show answer and explanation

    • ETL transforms data before loading and ELT loads first then transforms

    ETL transforms before loading while ELT loads first and transforms afterward, which suits flexible lakehouses.

    6. Because analytical models preaggregate numeric measures by dimensions, summary queries over history can return quickly.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • True

    Preaggregation across dimensions lets OLAP and semantic models answer summary queries quickly and drill between levels like region, city, and address.

    7. A university IT team must choose file formats for four needs. Match each need to the best format.

    • Enrollment list shared with many tools in readable text
    • Student profiles with varying contact methods in nested objects
    • Billion-row grades table queried by column for averages
    • Lecture recordings and scanned diagrams

    • BLOB
    • delimited text (CSV)
    • JSON
    • Parquet

    Show answer and explanation

    • Enrollment list shared with many tools in readable text: delimited text (CSV)
    • Student profiles with varying contact methods in nested objects: JSON
    • Billion-row grades table queried by column for averages: Parquet
    • Lecture recordings and scanned diagrams: BLOB

    CSV is plain delimited text readable by many tools.

    JSON supports hierarchical flexible objects.

    Parquet columnar layout speeds analytics and compression.

    BLOB holds raw binary needing application rendering.

    8. A research lab must pick between Parquet and Avro for two pipelines: fast aggregation over large datasets and continuous streaming exchange. How do the formats differ?

    • Avro is columnar for analytics and Parquet is row-based for streaming
    • Parquet is columnar for analytics and Avro is row-based for streaming
    • Both are identical human-readable text formats
    • Both require a Delta Lake transaction log to function

    Show answer and explanation

    • Parquet is columnar for analytics and Avro is row-based for streaming

    Avro stores rows with a JSON header and binary blocks, favoring streaming and exchange, while Parquet stores columns together in row groups with metadata, favoring analytics and compression.

    9. Delta Lake enables ACID transactions and versioned time travel by adding a transaction log on top of Parquet files.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • True

    Delta Lake layers a transaction log over Parquet files to provide ACID transactions, versioning, and time travel on lake storage.

    10. A campus app team must store four kinds of data. Match each need to the right nonrelational database type.

    • Session token mapped to a blob
    • Student profiles as JSON queried by field
    • User IDs with Profile and Activity column groups
    • Friends as nodes with FOLLOWS edges

    • column family database
    • document database
    • graph database
    • key-value database

    Show answer and explanation

    • Session token mapped to a blob: key-value database
    • Student profiles as JSON queried by field: document database
    • User IDs with Profile and Activity column groups: column family database
    • Friends as nodes with FOLLOWS edges: graph database

    Key-value pairs a unique key with an opaque value.

    Document values are JSON optimized for queries.

    Column families group related columns together.

    Graphs use nodes and edges for relationships.

    11. A bookstore database stores customer details once and has each sales order reference the customer key. How does this relational design achieve normalization?

    • Storing customer details inside every order for speed
    • Requiring all data to be stored as JSON documents
    • Using primary keys to reference entities and eliminate duplication
    • Grouping columns into Profile and Activity families

    Show answer and explanation

    • Using primary keys to reference entities and eliminate duplication

    Primary keys uniquely identify instances and are referenced by other tables, so customer details are stored once instead of on every order.

    12. In a graph database, entities are stored as ____ and the connections between them are stored as edges representing ____.

    • keys
    • nodes
    • relationships
    • tables

    Show answer

    • In a graph database, entities are stored as nodes and the connections between them are stored as edges representing relationships.

    13. A university registrar stores every student with the same columns for ID, name, and enrollment year in a table. Why is this structured data rather than semi-structured data?

    • It allows each record to have different fields
    • It uses a fixed schema with the same fields for every record
    • It stores only images and video
    • It stores only numeric vectors

    Show answer and explanation

    • It uses a fixed schema with the same fields for every record

    Structured data uses a fixed tabular schema with the same columns for every row, while semi-structured data allows fields to vary between instances.

    14. Vector data enables AI assistants to answer questions over an organization's own documents by representing unstructured content as numbers that preserve meaning.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • True

    Embeddings are numeric vector representations that capture semantic similarity so AI assistants can search and answer over documents, images, and audio.

    15. Match each university data example to its data format.

    • All products share identical ID, name, and price columns
    • One customer has two contacts, another has one, another has none
    • A collection of photos, PDFs, and video clips with no common fields

    • semi-structured data
    • structured data
    • unstructured data

    Show answer and explanation

    • All products share identical ID, name, and price columns: structured data
    • One customer has two contacts, another has one, another has none: semi-structured data
    • A collection of photos, PDFs, and video clips with no common fields: unstructured data

    Fixed-schema rows and columns define structured data.

    Varying fields per instance define semi-structured data.

    Lack of preset structure defines unstructured data.

    16. A bank tests its transfer system against ACID guarantees. Match each observed behavior to its guarantee.

    • Debit and credit both succeed or both fail
    • Database moves only from one valid balance state to another
    • Balance check never sees a mix of old and new values
    • Balances survive a crash after commit

    • Atomicity
    • Consistency
    • Durability
    • Isolation

    Show answer and explanation

    • Debit and credit both succeed or both fail: Atomicity
    • Database moves only from one valid balance state to another: Consistency
    • Balance check never sees a mix of old and new values: Isolation
    • Balances survive a crash after commit: Durability

    Atomicity is all-or-nothing completion.

    Consistency preserves valid states.

    Isolation prevents interference between concurrent work.

    Durability persists committed work.

    17. While a $40 transfer from Account A ($100) to Account B ($50) is in progress, another transaction checks both balances. What does isolation require of that balance check?

    • It should return A=$100 with B=$90 to show progress
    • It must return either both old values or both new values, never a mix
    • It must block all transfers until reporting finishes
    • It can return any combination since balances are independent

    Show answer and explanation

    • It must return either both old values or both new values, never a mix

    Isolation requires a consistent snapshot, so the check must return either both old balances or both new balances.

    18. OLTP systems are optimized only for reading vast historical datasets and never handle writes.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • False

    OLTP optimizes for both fast reads and writes to support CRUD transactions, not read-only historical analysis.

    19. Link each business inquiry to the analytics category that answers it.

    • Reason sales climbed in the prior month
    • Concrete advice for splitting the present budget across stock buys
    • Spotting firm logo pictures buried in PDF files

    • Cognitive
    • Diagnostic
    • Prescriptive

    Show answer and explanation

    • Reason sales climbed in the prior month: Diagnostic
    • Concrete advice for splitting the present budget across stock buys: Prescriptive
    • Spotting firm logo pictures buried in PDF files: Cognitive

    Asking the reason behind a past rise seeks its cause.

    Telling how to spend the present budget advises concrete steps.

    Spotting logos inside PDFs needs vision AI for images, which is cognitive.

    20. Complete the sentence: Converting spoken audio files into text is an illustration of ____ analytics.

    • cognitive
    • descriptive
    • predictive
    • prescriptive

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: Converting spoken audio files into text is an illustration of cognitive analytics.

    21. Complete the sentence: A JSON document where each entity may carry different fields shows ____.

    • relational data
    • semi-structured data
    • structured data
    • unstructured data

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: A JSON document where each entity may carry different fields shows semi-structured data.

    22. Complete the sentence: A graphic contrasting present university enrollment with total capacity illustrates ____ analytics.

    • cognitive
    • descriptive
    • predictive
    • prescriptive

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: A graphic contrasting present university enrollment with total capacity illustrates descriptive analytics.

    23. Which trait describes non-relational data?

    • Has no indexes
    • Has self-describing entities
    • Has a well-defined schema
    • Has no unique key values

    Show answer and explanation

    • Has self-describing entities

    Non-relational data is often kept as self-describing entities such as JSON documents that carry their own field names rather than obeying a fixed table schema. A well-defined enforced schema belongs to relational data. Non-relational stores still commonly use unique keys and indexes.

    24. A database will hold website session information including notifications, personalization attributes, and shopping-cart products. Which store type gives the fastest retrieval?

    • key/value
    • graph
    • columnar
    • document

    Show answer and explanation

    • key/value

    Website session content such as notifications, personalization attributes, and cart products is always fetched by session identifier. A key/value store returns the value for a known key with very low latency. Document stores add query overhead, while graph and columnar stores target relationship traversal and analytics rather than fast single-key lookups.

    Review the JSON sample below and decide what kind of JSON element each named property represents.

    "customer" : {
        "first name" : "Ben",
        "last name" : "Smith",
        "address" : {
            "line 1" : "161 Azure Ln",
            "line 2" : "Palo Alto",
            "ZIP code" : "54762"
        },
        "social media": [
            {
                "service" : "twitter",
                "handle" : "@bensmith"
            },
            {
                "service" : "linkedin",
                "handle" : "bensmith"
            }
        ],
        "phone numbers": [
            {
                "type" : "mobile",
                "number" : "555-555-555"
            }
        ]
    }

    25. From the document, Customer is ____, Address is ____, and Social media is ____.

    Show answer

    • From the document, Customer is a root object, Address is a nested object, and Social media is a nested array.

    26. Link each business inquiry to the analytics category that answers it.

    • Reason sales grew during the prior month
    • How to divide a budget across inventory purchases
    • Which individuals are named in company papers

    • Cognitive
    • Diagnostic
    • Prescriptive

    Show answer and explanation

    • Reason sales grew during the prior month: Diagnostic
    • How to divide a budget across inventory purchases: Prescriptive
    • Which individuals are named in company papers: Cognitive

    Explaining the cause of a past sales rise answers why something happened.

    Suggesting how to divide funds among stock purchases recommends actions to reach a goal.

    Spotting names in business papers needs AI interpretation of unstructured text.

    27. Complete the sentence: Descriptive analytics reports ____.

    • what has already happened
    • what steps to take to influence results
    • what will probably happen in the future
    • why past events happened

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: Descriptive analytics reports what has already happened.

    28. Which transactional-workload promise treats each transaction as one indivisible unit that must either complete entirely or not happen at all?

    • atomicity
    • isolation
    • durability
    • consistency

    Show answer and explanation

    • atomicity

    Atomicity gives the all-or-nothing promise: every step inside the transaction finishes or the whole transaction is rolled back. Consistency moves data from one valid state to another, isolation prevents concurrent transactions from disturbing each other, and durability makes committed work survive later failures.

    29. A company must design a database showing how traffic shifts in one part of a network influence traffic in other parts. Which kind of data store should be chosen?

    • graph
    • key/value
    • document
    • columnar

    Show answer and explanation

    • graph

    Effects spreading between areas are relationships between connected entities. A graph store represents areas or devices as nodes and links as edges and can traverse those connections efficiently. Key/value, document, and columnar stores keep records but do not model or traverse relationships natively.

    You have stored information in the structure shown below.

    {
        "firstname": "John",
        "lastName": "Doe",
        "age": "23",
        "hobbies": [
            { "type": "Sports", "value": "Golf" },
            { "type": "Leisure", "value": "Reading" },
            { "type": "Leisure", "value": "Guitar" }
        ]
    }

    30. Which format was used for this saved data?

    • XML
    • HTML
    • YAML
    • JSON

    Show answer and explanation

    • JSON

    Curly braces for objects, square brackets for arrays, and quoted name-value pairs separated by commas identify JavaScript Object Notation. XML and HTML use angle-bracket tags, and YAML relies on indentation and dashes.

    You have stored information in the delimited layout shown below.

    FirstName, LastName, Age, LeisureHobby, SportsHobby
    John, Smith, 23, Reading, Basketball
    Ben, Smith, 21, Guitar, Curling

    31. Which format was used for this saved data?

    • YAML
    • CSV
    • JSON
    • HTML

    Show answer and explanation

    • CSV

    A header row followed by one record per line with comma-separated values identifies comma-separated values. JSON uses braces and pairs, HTML uses tags, and YAML uses indented key-value lines.

    32. Social connections such as users and followers held in a graph database illustrate ____

    • semi-structured data.
    • structured data.
    • unstructured data.

    Show answer

    • Social connections such as users and followers held in a graph database illustrate semi-structured data.

    You hold two customer data sets organized in rows and columns and linked through a shared identifier.

    CustomerID	NameStyle	Title	FirstName	MiddleName	LastName
    29486	0	Ms.	Kim	NULL	Abercrombie
    29489	0	Ms.	Frances	B.	Adams
    29490	0	Ms.	Margaret	J.	Smith
    29492	0	Mr.	Jay	NULL	Adams

    CustomerID	AddressID	AddressType	ModifiedDate
    29486	621	Main Office	9/1/05 0:00
    29489	1069	Main Office	7/1/05 0:00
    29490	887	Main Office	9/1/06 0:00
    29492	618	Main Office	12/1/06 0:00
    29494	537	Main Office	9/1/05 0:00

    33. What kind of data do these tables hold?

    • structured
    • non-relational
    • semi-structured
    • unstructured

    Show answer and explanation

    • structured

    Fixed-schema tables with named columns and rows linked by a shared CustomerID key are structured relational data. Semi-structured data such as JSON is flexible and self-describing, and unstructured data such as images has no tabular schema.

    You have stored information in the structure shown below.

    <Person Age="23">
        <FirstName>John</FirstName>
        <LastName>Smith</LastName>
        <Hobbies>
            <Hobby Type="Sports">Golf</Hobby>
            <Hobby Type="Leisure">Reading</Hobby>
            <Hobby Type="Leisure">Guitar</Hobby>
        </Hobbies>
    </Person>

    34. Which format was used for this saved data?

    • JSON
    • YAML
    • HTML
    • XML

    Show answer and explanation

    • XML

    Custom self-describing tags such as Person and Hobby with attributes such as Age and Type identify Extensible Markup Language. HTML uses only a predefined layout tag set, JSON uses braces and name-value pairs, and YAML uses indentation.

    35. A non-relational store must be optimized for text files, videos, audio streams, and virtual disk images, keeping the data with some metadata and a unique identifier per file. Which store type should be recommended?

    • key/value
    • columnar
    • object
    • document

    Show answer and explanation

    • object

    An object store is built for large binary objects such as videos, audio streams, images, text files, and virtual disk images, keeping data plus metadata plus a unique identifier per object. Azure Blob Storage is the Azure object store. Document and key/value stores suit smaller records queried by field or key.

    36. An application will write a large amount of JSON data using a schema defined by the application. Which store type should be chosen?

    • columnar
    • key/value
    • document
    • graph

    Show answer and explanation

    • document

    A document store keeps semi-structured JSON documents whose structure is defined by the application, with fields varying per document. A key/value store treats values as opaque, a columnar store groups data into column families, and a graph store models entities and relationships.

    37. A store will collect readings from internet-connected temperature sensors for trend analysis. Which store type should be used?

    • relational
    • time series
    • graph
    • columnar

    Show answer and explanation

    • time series

    Sensor readings ordered by time are time series data. A time series store is tuned for high-volume appends of timestamped values and aggregations over time windows for trend analysis. Relational, graph, and columnar stores can hold the values but are not optimized for that pattern.

    38. A transfer must debit one account and credit another together, so if either leg fails the other must also fail. Which ACID property does this show?

    • consistency
    • durability
    • atomicity
    • isolation

    Show answer and explanation

    • atomicity

    Atomicity treats the debit plus credit as one indivisible unit, so both persist or neither does. Consistency, isolation, and durability address validity, concurrency, and survival of committed work.

    39. Sound recordings are kept with ____. JSON documents are kept with ____. Row-and-column datasets are kept with ____.

    • Azure Blob Storage
    • Azure Cosmos DB for NoSQL
    • Azure Data Factory
    • Azure SQL Database

    Show answer

    • Sound recordings are kept with Azure Blob Storage. JSON documents are kept with Azure Cosmos DB for NoSQL. Row-and-column datasets are kept with Azure SQL Database.

    40. OLTP depends on storage tuned for both read and write activity.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • True

    OLTP handles many small reads and writes, so it is tuned for both operations.

    41. OLAP depends on storage tuned for both read and write activity.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • False

    OLAP is loaded periodically and then queried heavily, so it is tuned for reads rather than frequent writes.

    42. Data warehouses are tuned for read operations.

    • True
    • False

    Show answer and explanation

    • True

    Warehouses use schemas designed for fast reads and aggregations.

    43. The ____ layout keeps delimited records, dividing fields with commas and ending rows with a carriage return.

    • CSV
    • JSON
    • TSV
    • XML

    Show answer

    • The CSV layout keeps delimited records, dividing fields with commas and ending rows with a carriage return.

    44. A banking platform moves funds between accounts and must prevent any read from seeing the source balance as if the move had not happened while seeing the destination balance as if it had. Which ACID property does this illustrate?

    • atomicity
    • durability
    • consistency
    • isolation

    Show answer and explanation

    • isolation

    Isolation hides the intermediate state of concurrent transactions, so no reader observes one account already changed while the other is still unchanged. Atomicity provides all-or-nothing completion but does not control visibility during execution. Consistency preserves validity rules and durability preserves committed work through failures.

    45. A shop checkout terminal operating as a point of sale (POS) system represents which solution category?

    • a data warehouse
    • online analytical processing (OLAP)
    • extract, transform, and load (ETL)
    • online transaction processing (OLTP)

    Show answer and explanation

    • online transaction processing (OLTP)

    A point-of-sale terminal records individual sales immediately with fast small writes, the hallmark of OLTP. Warehouses and OLAP serve analysis of historical data, while ETL is the movement process between systems.

    46. How does structured data differ from semi-structured data?

    • Structured data follows a fixed schema while semi-structured data allows a flexible schema.
    • Only structured data can represent entities.
    • Structured data allows a flexible schema while semi-structured data requires a fixed schema.
    • Only structured data can represent attributes.

    Show answer and explanation

    • Structured data follows a fixed schema while semi-structured data allows a flexible schema.

    Structured data follows an identical fixed schema for every row, while semi-structured formats like JSON permit varying fields and a flexible schema. Both describe entities through attributes.

    47. A banking app that pays money in and out of accounts exemplifies which solution type?

    • online transaction processing (OLTP)
    • online analytical processing (OLAP)
    • extract, transform and load (ETL)
    • a data warehouse

    Show answer and explanation

    • online transaction processing (OLTP)

    Account transfers update individual records instantly under ACID rules, the OLTP pattern. OLAP, warehouses, and ETL concern historical analysis and data movement, not live operations.

    48. Information held in a data warehouse can be summarized and loaded into an OLAP model, which is alternatively termed a ____

    • cube.
    • data lake.
    • dimension.
    • measure.

    Show answer

    • Information held in a data warehouse can be summarized and loaded into an OLAP model, which is alternatively termed a cube.

    49. Which file type defines names and data types per column and keeps data in compressed columnar form?

    • HTML
    • CSV
    • Apache Parquet
    • JSON

    Show answer and explanation

    • Apache Parquet

    Parquet stores typed columns and compresses data column by column, making it efficient for analytics. CSV is row-based text without types, JSON is semi-structured text, and HTML is markup for web pages.

    50. A bank must keep revised balances after a transfer even if the hosting system briefly fails. Which ACID property does this need show?

    • durability
    • isolation
    • atomicity
    • consistency

    Show answer and explanation

    • durability

    Durability makes committed updates survive later outages. Atomicity covers all-or-nothing execution, consistency covers valid state transitions, and isolation covers interference between concurrent transactions.

    51. A JSON customer record whose fields vary from one entity to the next exemplifies ____ data.

    • relational
    • semi-structured
    • structured
    • unstructured

    Show answer

    • A JSON customer record whose fields vary from one entity to the next exemplifies semi-structured data.

    52. Which activity typifies transactional workloads?

    • capturing tiny real-time business events
    • summarizing huge volumes of history
    • building elaborate reports
    • carrying out self-service exploration

    Show answer and explanation

    • capturing tiny real-time business events

    OLTP captures many tiny real-time events such as orders or payments. Heavy aggregation, elaborate reporting, and self-service exploration over history characterize analytic workloads.

    53. The ____ layout describes multi-attribute entities through a nested document schema.

    • CSV
    • JSON
    • ORC
    • TSV

    Show answer

    • The JSON layout describes multi-attribute entities through a nested document schema.

    54. Complete the sentence: An online analytical processing (OLAP) model holds ____ data shaped for analytical workloads.

    • aggregated
    • normalized
    • semi-structured
    • unstructured

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: An online analytical processing (OLAP) model holds aggregated data shaped for analytical workloads.

    55. Link each ACID property to its correct description.

    • Concurrent transactions cannot interfere with one another and must result in a consistent database state.
    • Each transaction is treated as a single unit that succeeds completely or fails completely.
    • Transactions can only take the data in a database from one valid state to another.
    • When a transaction is committed, it will remain committed.

    • Atomicity
    • Consistency
    • Durability
    • Isolation

    Show answer and explanation

    • Concurrent transactions cannot interfere with one another and must result in a consistent database state.: Isolation
    • Each transaction is treated as a single unit that succeeds completely or fails completely.: Atomicity
    • Transactions can only take the data in a database from one valid state to another.: Consistency
    • When a transaction is committed, it will remain committed.: Durability

    Isolation keeps concurrent transactions from affecting each other, even though the wording mentions a consistent state.

    Atomicity requires the whole transaction to succeed or the whole transaction to fail.

    Consistency ensures a transaction shifts the database between valid states only.

    Durability guarantees that once committed, changes persist through failures.

    56. Structured content in which every row stands for one entity follows which schema style?

    • XML
    • tabular
    • blob
    • JSON

    Show answer and explanation

    • tabular

    Structured content is tabular with a fixed schema of rows for entities and columns for attributes. XML and JSON are semi-structured, and blobs hold unstructured binary material.

    You hold the following JSON records with nested address details, where one entry also carries contact information.

    [
    {
      "firstName": "John",
      "lastName": "Doe",
      "address":
      {
        "streetAddress": "1 Main St.",
        "city": "New York",
        "state": "NY",
        "postalCode": "10099"
      }
    },
    {
      "firstName": "Jane",
      "lastName": "Doe",
      "address":
      {
        "streetAddress": "1 Main St.",
        "city": "New York",
        "state": "NY",
        "postalCode": "10099"
      },
      "contact":
      [
        {
          "type": "email",
          "address": "jane.doe@contoso.com"
        }
      ]
    }
    ]

    57. What form of data do these records represent?

    • unstructured
    • semi-structured
    • structured

    Show answer and explanation

    • semi-structured

    JSON papers with named nested fields that may differ per entity, such as the contact array present only for Jane, are self-describing yet flexible, which defines semi-structured data. Structured would demand identical columns and unstructured would lack fields.

    58. Complete the sentence: A ____ file is row-oriented, with each entry pairing a JSON header and binary payload.

    • AVRO
    • ORC
    • Parquet
    • XML

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: A AVRO file is row-oriented, with each entry pairing a JSON header and binary payload.

    You have information arranged in rows and columns as shown in the following display.

    ID	First name	Last name	Email
    1000	Ben	Smith	bensmith@contoso.com
    1001	Carlos	Grilo	carlosgrilo@contoso.com

    59. Which category of data does this display illustrate?

    • unstructured data
    • semi-structured data
    • document
    • structured data

    Show answer and explanation

    • structured data

    The display follows a fixed schema where each row carries the same columns with defined types, which defines structured data. Semi-structured JSON would permit varying fields and unstructured content would have no schema.

    60. Complete the sentence: To introduce a fresh attribute for an entity held as structured data, you need to ____.

    • add a tag to the relevant entities for which you have information
    • update all the records in the entity table to include the new column
    • update only the records in the entity table for which you have information

    Show answer

    • Complete the sentence: To introduce a fresh attribute for an entity held as structured data, you need to update all the records in the entity table to include the new column.

In what order?